Nguồn chính

• Anna Comnena: The Alexiad (Translated by E. R. A. Sewter) (1969). Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-14-044958-7.
• Constantine Porphyrogenitus: De Administrando Imperio (Greek text edited by Gyula Moravcsik, English translation b Romillyi J. H. Jenkins) (1967). Dumbarton Oaks Center for Byzantine Studies. ISBN 0-88402-021-5.

Nguồn thứ cấp

• Atalay, Besim (2006). Divanü Lügati't – Türk. Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi. ISBN 975-16-0405-2.Quản lý CS1: ref=harv (liên kết)
• Curta, Florin (2006). Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500-1250. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-89452-4.Quản lý CS1: ref=harv (liên kết)
• Golden, Peter B. (2003). Nomads and their Neighbours in the Russian Steppe: Turks, Khazars and Quipchaqs. Ashgate. ISBN 0-86078-885-7.Quản lý CS1: ref=harv (liên kết)
• Golden, Peter B. (1992). An Introduction to the History of the Turkic People. Otto Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden.
• Kristó, Gyula (2003). Háborúk és hadviselés az Árpádok korában [Wars and Tactics under the Árpáds] (bằng tiếng Hungary). Szukits Könyvkiadó. ISBN 963-9441-87-2.Quản lý CS1: ref=harv (liên kết)
• Macartney, C. A. (1968). The Magyars in the Ninth Century. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-08070-5.Quản lý CS1: ref=harv (liên kết)
• Pritsak, Omeljan (1975). “The Pechenegs: A Case of Social and Economic Transformation”. Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi. The Peter de Ridder Press. 1: 211–235.Quản lý CS1: ref=harv (liên kết)
• Róna-Tas, András (1999). Hungarians and Europe in the Early Middle Ages: An Introduction to Early Hungarian History (Translated by Nicholas Bodoczky). CEU Press. ISBN 978-963-9116-48-1.Quản lý CS1: ref=harv (liên kết)
• Spinei, Victor (2003). The Great Migrations in the East and South East of Europe from the Ninth to the Thirteenth Century (Translated by Dana Badulescu). ISBN 973-85894-5-2.Quản lý CS1: ref=harv (liên kết)
• Spinei, Victor (2009). The Romanians and the Turkic Nomads North of the Danube Delta from the Tenth to the Mid-Thirteenth century. Koninklijke Brill NV. ISBN 978-90-04-17536-5.Quản lý CS1: ref=harv (liên kết)